Here you can find references about normal value studies and our ECG analysis program MEANS.
References normal ECG values
- Hiss RG, Lamb LE, Allen MF. Electrocardiographic findings in 67,375 asymptomatic subjects. X. Normal values. Am J Cardiol. 1960;6:200-31.
- Simonson E. Differentiation between normal and abnormal electrocardiography. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby; 1961.
- Blackburn H, Vasquez C, Keys A. The aging electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol. 1967;20:618-27.
- Chen CY, Chiang BN, Macfarlane PW. Normal limits of the electrocardiogram in a Chinese population. J Electrocardiol. 1989;22:1-15.
- Rautaharju PM, Zhou SH, Calhoun HP. Ethnic differences in ECG amplitudes in North American white, black, and Hispanic men and women. Effect of obesity and age. J Electrocardiol. 1994;27 Suppl:20-31.
- Gambill CL, Wilkins ML, Haisty WK, Jr., Anderson ST, Maynard C, Wagner NB, et al. T wave amplitudes in normal populations. Variation with ECG lead, sex, and age. J Electrocardiol. 1995;28:191-7.
- Rijnbeek PR, Witsenburg M, Schrama E, Hess J, Kors JA. New normal limits for the paediatric electrocardiogram. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:702-11.
- Wu J, Kors JA, Rijnbeek PR, van Herpen G, Lu Z, Xu C. Normal limits of the electrocardiogram in Chinese subjects. Int J Cardiol. 2003;87:37-51.
- Luo S, Michler K, Johnston P, Macfarlane PW. A comparison of commonly used QT correction formulae: the effect of heart rate on the QTc of normal ECGs. J Electrocardiol. 2004;37 Suppl:81-90.
- Dmitrienko AA, Sides GD, Winters KJ, Kovacs RJ, Rebhun DM, Bloom JC, et al. Electrocardiogram reference ranges derived from a standardized clinical trial population. Drug Inf J. 2005;39:395-405.
- Mason JW, Ramseth DJ, Chanter DO, Moon TE, Goodman DB, Mendzelevski B. Electrocardiographic reference ranges derived from 79,743 ambulatory subjects. J Electrocardiol. 2007;40:228-34.
- Scherptong RW, Henkens IR, Man SC, Le Cessie S, Vliegen HW, Draisma HH, et al. Normal limits of the spatial QRS-T angle and ventricular gradient in 12-lead electrocardiograms of young adults: dependence on sex and heart rate. J Electrocardiol. 2008;41:648-55.
- Stead LG, Vaidyanathan L, Schears RM, Gilmore RM, Vedula KC, Behera SR, et al. Electrocardiographic intervals in the healthy geriatric population--what are the "normals"? Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2008;17:87-91.
- Macfarlane PW, van Oosterom A, Pahlm O, Kligfield P, Janse M, Camm J. Comprehensive electrocardiology. New York: Springer; 2010.
References MEANS
- Willems JL, Arnaud P, van Bemmel JH, Bourdillon PJ, Degani R, Denis B, et al. A reference data base for multilead electrocardiographic computer measurement programs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;10:1313-21.
- Zywietz C, Willems JL, Arnaud P, van Bemmel JH, Degani R, Macfarlane PW, et al. Stability of computer ECG amplitude measurements in the presence of noise. Comput Biomed Res. 1990;23:10-31.
- Van Bemmel JH, Kors JA, van Herpen G. Methodology of the modular ECG analysis system MEANS. Methods Inf Med. 1990;29:346-53.
- Willems JL, Abreu-Lima C, Arnaud P, et al. The diagnostic performance of computer programs for the interpretation of electrocardiograms. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1767-73
- Kors JA, Van Herpen G, Wu J, Zhang Z, Prineas RJ, Van Bemmel JH. Validation of a new computer program for Minnesota coding. J Electrocardiol 1996;29 Suppl:83-8.
- Rijnbeek PR, Witsenburg M, Szatmari A, Hess J, Kors JA. PEDMEANS: a computer program for the interpretation of pediatric electrocardiograms. J Electrocardiol 2001;34 Suppl:85-91.
- Kors JA, van Herpen G. Accurate automatic detection of electrode interchange in the electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:396-9.
- Kors JA, van Herpen G. Methodology of QT-interval measurement in the modular ECG analysis system (MEANS). Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2009;14 Suppl 1:S48-53.